Herbert Spencer. Society and institutions evolved by passing through various stages from relatively simple undifferentiated and homogeneous to relatively complex differentiated and heterogeneous state. Some argue the stages for same for everyone but the pace was different.
Tylor. British

Great humans and believed in equality. 1865 early history of mankind and development of civilization. Psychic unity of man.
1871 primitive culture. Discuss animism and idea of survivals.
Three ideas. Animisn. Cultural survival. Psychic Unity of man.
Animism. Savage philosophy believed in soul due to dreams. Souls exist in every human being objects and animals. Free soul continuously moves in a doubt during dreams but body soul is still. Soles of ancestor travels. therefore they started to worship many items which created polytheistic practice. Gradually hierarchy developed among gods and status and power. eventually one god emerged as Supreme giving rise to monotheism.

methodology. Used statistics and numbers. II literature. Mexico travels point studied custom ritual material culture. Prepare a questionnaire and collected data from 283 societies. Cambridge survival concept
Psychic unity of mankind. Cultural similarities between two oo societies faraway due to psychic unity of man where humans come up with similar solutions in similar conditions. Noam chomsky language acquisition device and cognitive science proves this. Independent invention of calculus by Newton and Lebnitz.

New York American.
Studied Iroquois Indians. Custom rituals issues. Created society called grand order of Iroquois.
1851 the league of Iroquois.
System of consanguinity and affinity 1871. Classificatory and descriptive system.
1877 ancient society.
Created 7 page 200 question questionnaire and send it all over the world through missionary is and administrators point based on data created evolution stages of humans.

Cultural stages depend on food production surplus concept of property. Political organisation. Believed in uniform mental principle which is psychic unity of man. Considered primitives as living fossils. Modern state is based on territory and property not kinships.

James Fraser 1854 and 1941. Cambridge London British

Magic to control nature and supernatural. Law of similarity and law of contract in magic. Imitating phenomenal objects like rolling down boulders to create rain. Margaret mead observed someone tribes New Guinea girls carry pebbles and drop them to symbolise delivery in future. Law of contract which is creating woodall and causing it damage and expecting physical real damage.

Criticism. Franz boaz Pritchard

Used secondary data
data does not support their arguments because tribes at various stages exist and evolved differently.
Ethnocentric thinking their own culture is superior.
Fraser religion magic and Science argument evolution invalid because they are present in society all in the same time. Malinowski criticized that religion science and magic should be understood as coexistence not succession
Archaeological data rejected this. Didn't incorporate diffusion.
Radcliffe brown called as pseudo history.

Evolutionism 2